Skip to content

Start a Project

Research, with its limits stated.

Independent case studies on women's safety in India and elsewhere, prepared by Digital Catalyzt to inform product design. Each study lists its sources and limitations.

! — How to read this

These documents are independent desk research. They are not peer-reviewed journal articles, government statements, legal opinions or medical advice. Studies are labelled Draft until their sources have been independently verified, and statistics, laws and contact details should be checked against the original source before you rely on them. Any product idea in them is a design hypothesis, not a proven intervention. Nothing here promises that technology prevents harm or that help will arrive. In an emergency call 112.

◎ — Help-seeking and domestic violence

One Stop Centres in India: Access, Coordination and Survivor-Centred Support

Case study 15. Independent desk research.

Draft · sources not independently verified Read study

One Stop Centres in India: Connecting Women Affected by Violence to Integrated Support

Case study 36. Independent desk research.

Draft · sources not independently verified Read study

One Stop Centres in India: Findings from the 2023–2024 National Functioning Assessment

Case study 42. Independent desk research.

Draft · sources not independently verified Read study

Help-Seeking After Intimate-Partner Violence in India: Findings from NFHS-5 Analysis

Case study 49. Independent desk research.

Draft · sources not independently verified Read study

One Stop Centres in India: Service Quality, Accessibility and Survivor-Centred Care

Case study 51. Independent desk research.

Draft · sources not independently verified Read study

Domestic Violence in India: Patterns, Disclosure and Service Needs

Case study 55. Independent desk research.

Draft · sources not independently verified Read study

Access to Women’s Helpline 181 in India

Case study 57. Independent desk research.

Draft · sources not independently verified Read study

One Stop Centres and Referral Coordination for Women Affected by Violence

Case study 58. Independent desk research.

Draft · sources not independently verified Read study

Women’s Safety in Rural India: Access to Support Beyond the Police Station

Case study 59. Independent desk research.

Draft · sources not independently verified Read study

Domestic Violence Protection and Residence Remedies in India: Rights, Access and Practical Barriers

Case study 60. Independent desk research.

Draft · sources not independently verified Read study

Protection Officers and Service Coordination under India’s Domestic Violence Framework

Case study 61. Independent desk research.

Draft · sources not independently verified Read study

Safe Help-Seeking and Confidentiality in Domestic Violence Support: A Survivor-Centred Design Review

Case study 62. Independent desk research.

Draft · sources not independently verified Read study

Free Legal Aid for Women Experiencing Domestic Violence in India: Access and Referral Design

Case study 63. Independent desk research.

Draft · sources not independently verified Read study

Domestic Violence Support for Women with Children: Shelter, Continuity and Referral Planning in India

Case study 64. Independent desk research.

Draft · sources not independently verified Read study

Online Financial Coercion and Safety for Women: Fraud, Threats and Help-Seeking

Case study 68. Independent desk research.

Draft · sources not independently verified Read study

◎ — Journeys and public transport

Gender-Inclusive Mobility in Chennai: After-Dark Transport, Last-Mile Access and Disability

Case study 16. Independent desk research.

Draft · sources not independently verified Read study

Women Working Night Shifts in Chennai: Commute Dependence, Employer Safeguards and Safety Gaps

Case study 17. Independent desk research.

Draft · sources not independently verified Read study

AI-Enabled Image Abuse and Deepfake Sextortion: Safety-by-Design Lessons for Women in India

Case study 19. Independent desk research.

Draft · sources not independently verified Read study

Women’s Safety in Delhi Metro: Surveillance Reliability, Reporting and Passenger Trust

Case study 22. Independent desk research.

Draft · sources not independently verified Read study

Women’s Safety on Indian Railways: Harassment Risks, Reporting and Operational Safeguards

Case study 23. Independent desk research.

Draft · sources not independently verified Read study

Gender Inclusivity in India’s Public Transport Workforce: Women Drivers, Conductors and Passenger Experience

Case study 24. Independent desk research.

Draft · sources not independently verified Read study

Women’s Safety in Ride-Hailing Services in India: Trust, Accountability and Trip Monitoring

Case study 25. Independent desk research.

Draft · sources not independently verified Read study

Women’s Safety at Bus Stops and Interchanges: Lighting, Waiting Time and Public-Space Design

Case study 26. Independent desk research.

Draft · sources not independently verified Read study

Women’s Safety in App-Based Food and Delivery Work: Night Travel, Precarity and Reporting

Case study 27. Independent desk research.

Draft · sources not independently verified Read study

Women’s Safety in Rural Public Transport: Access, Service Gaps and Digital Exclusion

Case study 28. Independent desk research.

Draft · sources not independently verified Read study

Women’s First- and Last-Mile Safety in Public Transport: The Journey Beyond the Vehicle

Case study 30. Independent desk research.

Draft · sources not independently verified Read study

Street Harassment in Delhi: Coping, Avoidance and the Cost to Women’s Mobility

Case study 31. Independent desk research.

Draft · sources not independently verified Read study

Women Working Night Shifts in India: Consent, Safe Transport and Employer Accountability

Case study 40. Independent desk research.

Draft · sources not independently verified Read study

Designing Public Transport That Works for Women in India

Case study 53. Independent desk research.

Draft · sources not independently verified Read study

Economic Abuse and Women’s Financial Autonomy in India

Case study 56. Independent desk research.

Draft · sources not independently verified Read study

Technology-Facilitated Abuse by Intimate Partners: Safety Planning and Digital Boundaries

Case study 65. Independent desk research.

Draft · sources not independently verified Read study

Non-Consensual Intimate Images and Online Image-Based Abuse: Reporting and Support Pathways in India

Case study 66. Independent desk research.

Draft · sources not independently verified Read study

◎ — Digital safety and cyber abuse

Technology-Facilitated Gender-Based Violence in India: Reporting Barriers and Survivor-Centred Response

Case study 18. Independent desk research.

Draft · sources not independently verified Read study

Emergency Response Support System 112 in India: Digital Access, Dispatch and User Expectations

Case study 35. Independent desk research.

Draft · sources not independently verified Read study

Reporting Cybercrime Against Women in India: Evidence, Consent and Case-Status Transparency

Case study 37. Independent desk research.

Draft · sources not independently verified Read study

Reading Official Cybercrime Data on Crimes Against Women: Categories, Reporting Bias and Responsible Interpretation

Case study 39. Independent desk research.

Draft · sources not independently verified Read study

Safe City Projects in India: Combining Infrastructure, Technology and Community Response

Case study 43. Independent desk research.

Draft · sources not independently verified Read study

Technology-Facilitated Gender-Based Violence in India

Case study 50. Independent desk research.

Draft · sources not independently verified Read study

Cyber Crimes and Cyber Safety of Women in India: Parliamentary Review and Response Gaps

Case study 54. Independent desk research.

Draft · sources not independently verified Read study

Cyberstalking and Repeated Online Contact: Escalation, Evidence and Safety-by-Design

Case study 67. Independent desk research.

Draft · sources not independently verified Read study

Digital Safety for Adolescent Girls in India: Privacy, Trusted Adults and Appropriate Escalation

Case study 69. Independent desk research.

Draft · sources not independently verified Read study

◎ — Other topics

Women with Disabilities and Personal Safety in India: Accessibility, Autonomy and Emergency Support

Case study 29. Independent desk research.

Draft · sources not independently verified Read study

◎ — Public spaces, harassment and campuses

Visible Police Patrols and Street Harassment in Hyderabad: What an Experiment Shows—and Does Not Show

Case study 32. Independent desk research.

Draft · sources not independently verified Read study

Perceived Safety in Kolkata’s Public Spaces: Crowding, Social Activity and the Right to the City

Case study 33. Independent desk research.

Draft · sources not independently verified Read study

Mapping Sexual Harassment in Public Places: Using Open-Source Data Responsibly

Case study 34. Independent desk research.

Draft · sources not independently verified Read study

Workplace Sexual Harassment Reporting in India: POSH Duties, Confidentiality and Accessible Redressal

Case study 38. Independent desk research.

Draft · sources not independently verified Read study

The City Through Her Eyes: Gender-Based Harassment in Public Spaces in Urban India

Case study 45. Independent desk research.

Draft · sources not independently verified Read study

Sexual Harassment in Public Spaces and Police Patrols: Experimental Evidence from Urban India

Case study 46. Independent desk research.

Draft · sources not independently verified Read study

Safe in the City? Public-Space Design and Women’s Perceived Safety in Kolkata

Case study 48. Independent desk research.

Draft · sources not independently verified Read study

◎ — Law, rights and support services

Acid Attack Survivors in India: Treatment, Legal Aid, Compensation and Long-Term Rehabilitation

Case study 41. Independent desk research.

Draft · sources not independently verified Read study

Legal Aid and Rehabilitation for Trafficking Survivors in India: Referral, Consent and Continuity

Case study 44. Independent desk research.

Draft · sources not independently verified Read study

A Decade of POSH in India: Workplace Complaint Reporting and Corporate Disclosure

Case study 52. Independent desk research.

Draft · sources not independently verified Read study

Suggest a topic or a correction

Found an error or want a topic covered? Tell us and we will review it.